Emerging Disinfection Byproducts

Since the discovery of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water in the early 1970s, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have become a major driver for United States regulations. To date, more than 600 DBPs have been identified in drinking waters, but only 11 DBPs (4 THMs and 5  haloacetic acids [HAAs], bromate and chlorite) are currently regulated. However, new research shows that certain emerging DBPs are substantially (orders of magnitude) more toxic than the currently regulated DBPs. To develop information to inform regulatory agencies, assist utilities in preparing for future regulations, and protect public health, WRF initiated this Research Area in 2017.

Research Area Objectives

1. Develop a better understanding and identify the factors that impact the formation of emerging DBPs during water treatment processes.
2. Develop control strategies that minimize the formation of regulated DBPs while preventing the formation of emerging DBPs of potential health concern.
3. Identify sources of bromide, iodide, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and develop removal strategies.
4. Provide guidance to utilities to comply with regulations while minimizing unintended consequences.

Research Area Project Timeline and Value

Occurrence Survey of Bromide and Iodide in Water Supplies

• Timeline: 2017–2021
• Total Project Value: $757,655
• Research Area Objectives: Control Strategies, Precursor Control

The Impact of Pre-chlorination and GAC Treatment on DBP Formation and Overall Toxicity in Drinking Water

• Timeline: 2018–2021
• Total Project Value: $417,062
• Research Area Objectives: Control Strategies, Precursor Control, Health Effects

Precursors and Control of Halogenated Acetonitriles

• Timeline: 2020 - 2023
• Total Project Value: $393,116
• Research Area Objectives: Control Strategies, Precursor Control

Impact of a Haloacetic Acid MCL Revision on DBP Exposure and Health Risk Reduction

• Timeline: 2020–2023
• Total Project Value: $274,154
• Research Area Objectives: Occurrence, Control Strategies, Health Effects, Precursor Control

Future Project: Technologies and Approaches to Minimize Brominated and Iodinated DBPs in Distribution Systems

• Timeline: 2022–2024
• Total Project Value: TBD
• Research Area Objectives: Control Strategies, Precursor Control

Cumulative Project Value for Research Area: $1,841,987

Projects Funded Outside of the Research Area Program that meet a Research Area

No projects meet this requirement.