Survey of High-Recovery and Zero Liquid Discharge Technologies for Water Utilities

This is an essential reference for utilities considering high recovery processing for desalination projects. Consideration of high recovery and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) processing of municipal concentrate has been limited to site-specific paper studies due to high costs. This report provides insights into the performance and economic aspects of commercial high-recovery and ZLD systems, including specific areas where cost reductions might be possible. The report also provides useful background and reference information for further consideration of such systems. Research partners: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Published in 2008.

This study was a originally funded in cooperation with WateReuse Foundation as Reuse-02-06a and with WERF as 03-CTS-17aCO and was managed by Joshua Dickinson, Jeff Moeller, and Jennifer Warner.